Study On The Relative Clauses English Language Essay

Study On The congenator Cla determinations English Language EssayINTRODUCTIONWe use language to conduct our thoughts, plans, and our ideas which, most of the times are non simple. As a result, language that we use to convey those is also not simple. Very often, while communicating we deficiency to express ourselves as clear as possible so we determinate what are we actually talking about. sexual congress Clauses enable the speaker to be more than specific and loan additional in radiation patternation about the referent, in writing they make writing more sophisticated. The topic of this opus is going to be, precisely that relation back Clauses and it is going to be divided into three severalizes.The first part of this newspaper publisher, and the scratch line point of this work, is going to be foc employ on English coitus Clauses. Furthermore, their form and proceed in English language.The second part of the paper is going to present all these elements ( twist and fun ction) of congress Clauses in Albanian Language.The third part of the paper will be focused on the comparing and contrasting congener Clauses in English and Albanian. This is going to be realized by constantly extracting deterrent examples from the fountainhead known novel written by James Joyce, Ulysses, in English and the translated form of the same in Albanian by idler Azizi.The last part of the paper will be recapitulation of all the previous mentioned elements and we will drown the end based on the work and sentences given within the paper. The conclusion will finally provide us with the actual results upon the assumption that relation back articles in English and Albanian should take up certain elements in common and and so contain, to certain extent, equalities. On the other hand this paper will also represent the differences that Relative clauses in both languages might ease up.The purpose of this paper is to fall upon the Relative Clauses which are used widely in everyday language. It is focused on Albanian and English language so the readers passel, at least, by the examples used, have a clear picture of the issue.Readers, whether they are students of English language or Albanian or even those that languages are not their field of study, are go away to judge how helpful this paper will be to them. Hopefully, it is going to execute its purpose and at least, be a small guide into the wide range of language.RELATIVE CLAUSES IN ENGLISHIn English Grammar books and other resources (electronic ones), that are the point of reference in this description, Relative Clauses are treated under the comprehensive of Noun Modifiers, as a subordinate clause. We will firstly start from the translation of the Relative Clause as the starting point of our further analysis. Afterwards, after proving the definition through examples we are going to prove the correctness of the definitions and furthermore construct our own examples in set up to insure that th e form has been understood appropriately.The source grammar books of this paper are English Grammar, Morphology written by Prof. Dr. Jashar Kabashi1, English Syntax by Prof. Dr. Vesel Nuhiu2, A Students Grammar of the English Language by Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk3, The Grammar Book by Marianne Celce-Murcia and Diane Larsen-Freeman4, English Grammar in Use written by Raymond Murphy5, Headway, written by Liz and John Soars and A Comprehensive Handbook of English Grammar written by Prof. Dr. Shykrane Grmizaj.6The electronic sources used for this paper is Wikipedia (the electronic encyclopedia)7andThe analysis made by HUNTER COLLEGE published on their web page rwc.hunter.cuny.edu8A proportional clause (in some grammar books referred as *nominal sexual congenator clause) is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun phrase, most commonly a noun. For example the man who wasnt thitherThe phrase contains the noun man, which is modified by the relation back clause who wasnt there .9We after part notice in the example preceding(prenominal) that the italic clause comes after the noun that it modifies so we smoke state that it is a noun post modifier. This is why some grammarians state that a Relative Clause is a type of complex postnominal adjectival modifier used in both written and spoken English.10E.g.San Antonio is a city that has experienced very rapid growth.11She is the instructor that I was talking you about yesterday.It is the music that is known in the world.They are the boys that like studying.As we can notice the words in bold are nouns and those italic are recounting clauses that modify the nouns preceding.*Greenbaum and Quirk, A students Grammar of the English Language2.1 The Structure of Relative ClausesAs mentioned above, Relative clauses are one kind of dependent clause, introduced by a relative pronoun that refers to the chief(prenominal) noun the clause depends upon. A relative clause always immediately follows the noun it modifies. 12Rel.proI read the book that is on the first shelf.Main clause Rel. clause A relative pronoun is usually the first word of a relative clause however, in some cases thepronoun follows a preposition13The flight on which we needed to travel was fully booked.Additionally, when the relative pronoun is not the theatre of the relative clause, it may beomitted entirely (especially in spoken English)I didnt see the movie (that) you were mentioning last night.When the pronoun is the subject, it cannot be omittedI firm the car is very old.Relative pronounsRelative pronouns comprise two seriesWh- element (including indefinite relative pronouns) who, whom, whose, which, what etc.That and zero, the latter indicated on a lower floor as ( )14adverbial pronouns when, where, why, howThe noun to which a relative pronoun refers is called the ANTECENDENT.15A relative pronoun refers back to a noun in the preceding clause.16They differ based on antecedent, moreover whether the antecedent is face-to-f ace or non-personal.I know the person who was mentioned at the meeting.I have heard the song that/ which you were singing yesterday.The lady that is sitting over there is my mother.In the example a) above we may noticed that the relative clause modifies the noun person and the pronoun used to indicate the Relative Clause is who whereas in b) example the relativepronoun used is that or which and modifies the noun song. In c) example the relative pronoun that indicates the relative clause is that and it modifies the noun lady.That is more usual than which.17 Remember that in Relative Clauses we use who/that/ which, not he/she/it18I have never seen the girl who lives next door. (not the girl she lives)Wh-elementThe wh-element may be a pronoun, such as whoever and what, an adverb, such as where.19With who and whom the antecedent must be personal, with which it must be non-personal with whose the antecedent is usually personal but can also be non-personal.20That is the school which I wa s talking you about.That is the teacher who teaches us in the University.That is the teacher (school) whose number I gave you.The teacher whom I wanted to meet was on lunch time.Indefinite relative pronounsThese are relative pronouns + the suffix everWhoever personalWhatever non-personal and personalWhichever non-personal and personal*Whomever is correct but most deal say whoever21Take whatever measures you consider best.Wherever you go, I will skin senses you.Indefinite relative pronouns in ever have no antecedents in the sentence. They do not refer to the specific persons or things but to anyone/anything no topic who or what he/she/it or they may be.22Wh-element may express either SPECIFIC significance (where the -ever suffix is disallowed) or a NONSPECIFIC meaning (generally indicated by the presence of the -ever suffix)23SPECIFICFebruary is when the exams start in our University. (the exact month)NONSPECIFICWhoever cheats in the exam will be asked to leave the class. (the pe rson is not determinated)ThatThat can be used without reference to the gender of the antecedent or the function within the relative clause, except that it cannot be preceded by a proposition.24You can also use that (instead of who), but you cant use which for people.25The police officer that is my neighbour works here.who is my neighbour works here.which is my neighbour works here. (Incorrect usage)Zero pronounZero has a similar range as those pronouns mentioned above in 2.1.2 and 2.1.3, lacking only the subject function.26The actor ( ) I admired is new to London.27The play ( ) I was attracted to is new to London.28The nutrition ( ) I eat is not very healthy.Information ( ) I collected will serve our community.2.1.5 Adverbial PronounsThe relative pronouns are where, when, why and howThe town where I used to live is beautiful.The year when I started my studies was 2007.I dont know the close why they didnt marry.I dont know a way how to get there.They denote the place, time, reason and manner.Indefinite relative adverbsWhenever, wherever, however, begin clauses which refer to people or things or places, at any time, on any day any place no matter where it is no matter how, without exception29Whenever you have time, call me.She comes, whenever she has time.2.1.6 The category of case of relative pronouns (who, whom, whose)Case is used to indicate the status of the relative pronoun and its clause.30Of the pronouns mentioned above in 2.1.2 the only relative pronouns that have the category of case are who which has subjective and whom objective case within the relative clause.31If the pronoun is in genitive relation to a noun head, the pronoun can have the form whose.The man who we were looking for is my best friend.The man whom we were looking is my best friend.The woman whose daughter you met is Mrs. Brown.(The woman is Mrs. Brown you met her daughter.)322.2 Types of Relative CausesRelative Clauses can be divided into two groups restrictive and non-restrictive re lative clauses33 regulatory Relative ClausesA restrictive relative clause (or defining, or limiting) modifies the head word of a NP by restricting or limiting the meaning of it. Such a clause follows immediately the headword of a Noun Phrase and in writing is not separated by commas from the main clause.34In speaking, there is no pause before or after the defining relative clause.35 sumptuary Relative Clauses are more common in spoken language.36For ExampleThis is the girl who danced a lot at the party last night.The people who protested were uneasy with the present condition.He is the person that the police are looking for.The juice that you just served is very cold.Restrictive relative clauses are essential part in a sentence in order to convey the whole information.37Let us prove this by taking some of the sentences from the above written examples.This is the girl.The people were unsatisfied with the present condition.He is the person. (Which person?)As you can notice the meanin g, information is vague.Non-Restrictive Relative ClausesThe other type of Relative Clauses is called non-restrictive relative clauses. These clauses are not used as noun modifiers, since they do not modify a noun but only give some additional information about the headword which is already sufficiently modified or defined.In writing such clauses are usually separated by commas from the rest of the sentence.38In speaking there are pauses before and after a non-defining relative clause.39My sister (pause), who is a first year student, (pause) is a very onerous working person.Non-restrictive (or non/defining) clauses add secondary information to a sentence, almost as an afterthought.40For ExampleMy sister, who is a first year student, is a very hard working person.The Shakespeares play, that is known worldwide, is going to be performed in The National Theatre.The strange noise, which was coming from the first flour, has scared the child.The climbers, who reached the summit, were exhau sted.As we can notice from the above given examples the non-restrictive relative clause can be left(p) out and the sentence that remains is meaningful even without it. Let us prove this by implying it in the following example.My sister is a very hard working person.The Shakespeares play is going to be performed in The National Theater.These types of relative clauses, non-restrictive, are more common in written language.41The Function of Relative ClausesThe Relative clauses can perform various functions in a complex sentence.Relative Clauses as subjectRelative Clause can perform the function of the subject in a complex sentence.42That they will win is known for sure.That she is beautiful doesnt mean so much to me.Who proves too much proves nothingWhat I want to know is the truth.If we analyse the sentences above a) and b) we can notice that the entire Relative clause in italic we can replace with the pronoun it.It is known for sure.As we can notice the pronoun it (which we used to r eplace the relative clause) precedes the predicate and it answers to questions what? Those are the characteristics of the subject. Here bellow we will use yet another example in order to clarify the function of subject of the Relative Clause.That the film is interesting is obvious. (What is obvious?)Relative clauses Extraposed thingThe finite (that) clause may perform the function of Extraposed subject.43It is a fact that Madonna is famous.Its a good idea that he initiated such an issue.44Relative clauses as Direct ObjectRelative Clauses used in the function of an object in complex sentences usually have subjects that are human beings. They introduce mainly reported speech, such asHe said that he was proud with his company.He mentioned that economic problems are destroying his otherwise successful company.They emphasized that the homework has to be done by tomorrow.Relative clauses as Subject balanceRelative Clause can perform the function of Subject complement within a complex s entence.45It seems that she is nervous.What annoyed me was that she didnt pay the attention.That is where I want to go46April is when lilacs bloom.RELATIVE CLAUSES IN ALBANIAN LANGUAGEIn Albanian, similar to English, Relative clauses determinate noun phrases (NP) and they are called fjalia e prbr me pjes t nnrenditura prcaktore.47The NP that Relative modifies is called paraprijs.483.1 The structure of Relative Clauses in AlbanianIn Albanian language, similar to English, Relative Clause is introduced by relative pronouns and relative adverbs.493.1.1 Relative pronouns in Albanian LanguageWords like q and i cili, e cila, t cilt etc. function as relative pronouns (Alb. premr lidhor).50Relative pronouns can be defining and non-defining, those written in bold above are defining, while some of the non-defining are kush, ndokush, kudo, kurdo.51Relative Clauses in Albanian can also be preceded by relative adverbials (Alb.ndajfolje lidhore)52 Ku, kur etc.They are always placed before the rela tive clause, which introduces the same. However in the case when the relative clause i cili is used in the possessive (genitive) case, because of its adequate function it is preceded by a noun.533.1.2 Albanian Relative pronoun qRelative pronoun q in Albanian Language doesnt change its form. This is because the lack of gender, number and case.54E vrteta sht, q ai nuk deshi t vije n mbledhje.Shqipiptar i vrtet sht ai, q nuk e ndan veprn nga fjala.Dgjohet vetm klithma q vinte nga rruga e errt.Puna e mbar sht ajo, q punohet me nder.As we can notice we use the relative pronoun q regardless of the gender, number or case.3.1.3 Albanian Relative pronoun i ciliFunctionally the relative pronoun in Albanian i cili corresponds to the relative pronoun in 3.3.1 (q) but it also has certain characteristics on his own. The pronoun has the separated forms for gender, number and case. It can take the shortened form of the pronouns and by this it doesnt only have the semantic relation with the antecede nt but it is also related by syntax to it. We can state that it has double connection with the antecedent. It is in the same case as the subordinate clause within the sentence.55For exampleAi e vshtronte qiellin i cili sht nxire i tri.Kosova ka arritur progrese t mdha gjat mandatit tuaj, pr t cilat ju dhe shteti juaj duhet t krenoheni.Kngetarja e famshme botrore, e cila theu t gjitha rekordet botrore, tani vuan nga nj smundje e rnd.Autori shqiptar, i cili pr nj koh t caktuar qndroi n SHBA mblodhi shum adhurues mrgimtar.3.1.4 Relative adverbsSimilar to English, Albanian language also uses relative adverbs to introduce relative clause .The adverb that show place is ku, whether nga is used to show direction. Except these relative pronouns, in Albanian, we also use locution nga ku (from where) to express starting point but also pr ku to show the direction of the action, gjer ku that expresses the lasting point of the action. All these adverbs relate subordinate clause with the anteceden t and they photographic print the place.56Other relative adverbs are kur, si and prse which are used to show time, manner and reason.Vetura u ndal, nga doli nj infermier.Ai ka shkuar n vedin ku ishte rritur.Ajo nuk e tha arsyen prse deshironte t largohej.3.2 Types of Relative Clauses in Albanian LanguageSimilar to English Language, there are two types of Relative Clauses in Albanian Language Restrictive and Non-Restrictive. (Alb. Prcatore-kufizuese and prcatore shtuese)573.2.1 Restrictive Relative Clauses in Albanian LanguageIn Albanian these clause are called prcaktore-kufizuese. They cannot be removed or left out because the primary meaning would be vague or it would be changed.58M plqejn shum njrzit q punojn sistematikisht.Me plqejn shum njrzit.If we compare these two sentences we can notice that in a) the speaker likes just the people that work systematically and in b), when we remove the relative clause the meaning is totally different, conveying that I like people, meaning al l people.3.2.2 Non-restrictive Relative Clauses in Albanian LanguageIn Albanian these clauses are called prcaktore-shtuese. They add or explain something and we can remove them without destroying the grammatical structure of the sentence.59Shpallja e Pavarsis, qe ishte dit e madhe pr Shqiptaret, do t mbahet n mend.Bjeshkt e Rugovs, q ndodhen n Qytetin e Pejes, jan te bukura.In speaking, these relative clauses in Albanian, similar to English have a pause before and after it. They serve to add additional information to the main clause.60As we can notice from the examples in a) and b) the non-restrictive clauses in writing are separated by commas, similar to English non-restrictive Relative Clauses.3.3 The order of Relative Clauses within the sentence in AlbanianThe position of relative clause in the sentence is determinated by the position of its antecedent.613.3.1 The Relative Clause at the end of the SentenceWhen the antecedent of the relative clause is at the end of the sentence th e relative clause comes after it.62Nuk ishte i rastit vendimi q aj t largohet.Na kishte gzuar lajmi q ajo do t kthehet.3.3.2 The Relative Clause at the beginning and in the middle of the SentenceWhen the antecedent (Alb. Paraprijsi) is at the beginning or in the middle of the main clause the subordinate relative clause is placed in the middle of it.63Vajza, q i mbate lulet n dor, qante nga gezimi i madh.Knga e bukur, qe aty kndohet, ka melodi t veqant.3.4 Function of Relative clauses in AlbanianRelative Clauses in Albanian can have different functions within the sentence.In sections below there are the examples that were compiled to prove and illustrate the function.3.4.1 Relative Clause as SubjectRelative Clauses can function as a subject of the main clause, here are but a few examplesBisedimet q ishin t gjata dhe t lodhshme prfunduan me sukses.Premtimet e juaja, q ishin shpresdhnse, nuk u prmbushen.3.4.2 Relative Clauses as Subject ComplementAta konisedorojn q fjalt e saja jan tri llim.3.4.3 Relative Clause as Direct objectAta kishin degjuar q un do t bhem kryetar.Ata e kishin shkruar q kjo sht e vrtet.3.4.4 Indirect ObjectI dhash t gjitha atyre q kan pasur nevoj.3.4.5 AdjunctAj vraponte aty ku askush nuk mund ta gjej.Sara e degjoj at lajm kur nuk ishte koha.4. DIRECT CONTASTIVE ANALYSIS OF RELATIVE CLAUSES IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND ITS EQUVALENTS IN ALBANIANIn this section a direct contrastive analysis of Relative Clauses in English and Albanian Language will be made. Examples of Relative Clauses will be extracted from the novel written by James Joyce64and will be contrasted with the Relative Clauses from the same novel translated by Idlir Azizi65. Examples will be tag by number and a small letter denoting the language English (e) or Albanian (a).This part is going to be focused on the structure of the relative clauses, furthermore on pronouns mentioned throughout the entire paper. Since it has been noticed that the differencebetween the relative Clauses in E nglish and the same in Albanian is particularly that- the usage of some of the relative pronouns within the relative clause.4.1 Relative Clauses preceded by the relative pronoun and its equivalent in AlbanianIn this section the examples of the relative clauses preceded by the relative pronoun wh-pronouns (who, which, what etc.) are going to be extracted from the same novel, of course from its English and Albanian translated form.1e) By a woman who was no better than she should be. (p. 40)1a) Nga nj grua jo e mire q smund t ishte ndryshe. (p. 34)2e) A merchant, Stephen said is one who buys cheap and sells dear, jew or gentile is he not? (p.41)2a) Tregtari, tha Stiveni, sht ai q blen lir t shes shtrenjt, a ssht kshtu? (p. 35)3e) But the courtiers who mocked Guido in Or san Michele were in their own house.(p.57)3a) Por kurtizant q thumbonin Guidon n Or shn Mikel ishin n shtpit e tyre. (p. 47)4e)